Little Rock Nine
The Little Rock Nine were the nine African American students involved in the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School. Their entrance into the school in sparked a nationwide crisis when Arkansas governor Orval Faubus, in defiance of a federal court order, called out the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the Nine from entering. President Dwight D. Eisenhower responded by federalizing the National Guard and sending in units of the U.S. Army’s st Airborne Division to escort the Nine into the school on September 25, The military presence remained for the duration of the school year.
Before transferring to Central, the Nine attended segregated schools for Black students in Little Rock (Pulaski County). Carlotta Walls, Jefferson Thomas, and Gloria Ray attended Paul Laurence Dunbar Junior High School, while Ernest Green, Elizabeth Eckford, Thelma Mothershed, Terrence Roberts, Minnijean Brown, and Melba Pattillo attended Horace Mann High School.
On May 24, , the Little Rock School Board adopted a plan for gradual integration, known as the Blossom Plan (also known as the Little Rock Phase Program). The plan called for desegregation to begin in the fall of a
The Lasting Impact of the Little Rock Nine
Led by Arkansas NAACP president Daisy Gaston Bates, nine Black students took on the task of testing the U.S. Supreme Court's landmark ruling of Brown v. Board of Education, which declared that segregation was unconstitutional in American public schools.
Under the glare of an angry mob of white students, 1, armed soldiers, media cameras and pro-segregationist governor Orval Faubus, the Little Rock Nine made their way to Central High. The students were: Minnijean Brown, Ernest Green, Thelma Mothershed, Gloria Ray, Melba Pattillo, Terrence Roberts, Jefferson Thomas, Carlotta Walls and Elizabeth Eckford.
President Eisenhower had to employ military force to keep the peace
Eight of the students carpooled together, but because her family didn't have a phone, Eckford couldn't be reached. Thus, she arrived by herself, which is how the famous photograph transpired of her coolly walking towards the school entrance with a notebook in hand as a screaming crowd surrounded her.
The weeks leading up to September 25th were trying for the Little Rock Nine, who were counseled and hand-selected by Bates. Although they tried to attend Central Hi
Imagine showing up to your first day of school and being greeted by an angry mob and the National Guard. On September 4, nine African American students arrived at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. They made their way through a crowd shouting obscenities and even throwing objects. Once the students reached the front door the National Guard prevented them from entering the school and were forced to go home. The students returned on September 29th. This time they were protected by federal troops. The students were able to enter the school, finally integrating Central High School. This group of students became known as the “Little Rock Nine.”
Little Rock Nine
Many schools in the South refused to admit black students, even though the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision decreed school segregation unconstitutional. Despite resistance Civil Rights organizations worked to enroll black students in segregated schools. In Arkansas, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) recruited young girls and boys to integrate schools. Daisy Bates was the president of the Arkansas NAACP chapter. She was an expert organizer. Under Bates
In , nine children were chosen to integrate Little Rock Central High School. They were Ernest Green, Elizabeth Eckford, Jefferson Thomas, Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls, Minnijean Brown, Gloria Ray Karlmark, Thelma Mothershed, and Melba Pattillo.
These students were chosen because they had good grades and were well-behaved.
They were also considered to be 'test cases' for integration; that is, their success or failure would be used to determine whether or not other schools should be integrated.
The Little Rock Nine were prepared for their first day at the new school by a number of people and organizations. First, they met with their parents to discuss what to expect.
Then, they attended a workshop on dealing with racism. At the workshop, they learned how to deal with hostile classmates and adults.
Finally, they met with the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) legal team, who advised them on their rights and what to do if they were arrested.
In particular, Daisy Bates, who was the president of the Arkansas chapter of the NAACP, began mentoring the Little Rock Nine in preparation for the upcoming struggles.
The night before the teens were
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