Who Invented the Barometer
Barometers, vital tools in meteorology, are used to measure atmospheric pressure, providing crucial data for weather analysis and forecasting. The ability to predict short-term weather changes with the help of a barometer has revolutionized meteorology, especially after the introduction of weather stations equipped with barometers in the s, resulting in the creation of the first modern weather map. There are several types of barometers available, including liquid-based (commonly utilizing water or mercury), vacuum pump, and aneroid barometers. For a detailed understanding of how barometers function, feel free to explore our previous discussion on how a barometer works. Now, let’s delve into the history of this invaluable instrument.
The Origins of the Barometer: A Tale of Innovation and Discovery
The barometer&#;s invention is attributed to the Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli, who crafted his pioneering device in Challenging the prevailing belief of the time that air was weightless, Torricelli was among the first to propose that air possessed weight. His explorations into this hypothesis ultimately led to the creation of the barometer.
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The early history of the barometer presents an interesting example of the struggles between the mechanical philosophy and the Aristotelian philosophy of the seventeenth century. The subject of this struggle was primarily the question of whether a vacuum was possible, and the Aristotelian position that it was not had come into question when what some believed to be a vacuum was produced by experiments with barometers shortly before the middle of the century. The barometer qua barometer, an instrument to measure atmospheric pressure, did not appear until relatively late in the century; early in its history, the barometer was purely a laboratory experiment, and it was primarily used not to measure air pressure, but to create an alleged vacuum. During the time from the creation of the first barometer to the acceptance of the barometer as an instrument for measuring air pressure, debates raged across borders via letter, experiments were competitively carried out by the greatest minds of the day, and pages were filled by mechanical philosophers and Aristotelians alike trying to explain the ph
Probably a native of Mantua, Berti spent most of his life in Rome. He was extremely active in the scientific circles of the papal city, networking and collaborating with Luca Holstein, Athanasius Kircher (), and Raffaello Magiotti (). In , at the death of Benedetto Castelli (/), he was appointed his successor to the chair of mathematics at the Sapienza (the University of Rome), but he died the same year. Berti's research is of particular importance for its close ties with the work of Evangelista Torricelli () on atmospheric pressure. Between and , Berti developed several experimental instruments designed to empirically test the distance to which water will rise in a siphon, which had been fixed by Galileo () at 18 braccia (c. 11 meters). In a March letter to Marin Mersenne (), Raffaello Magiotti describes a large "lead siphon" c. 22 braccia long that Berti had set up in the courtyard of his house. Magiotti claims that Berti, using the results of his experiments, managed to disprove Galileo's findings. Reports by Athanasius Kircher and Gaspar Schott () also describe Berti's experiments aimed at demonstrating the presence of the vacuum in a barometric tube.
I. EL PRINCIPIO DEL VACÍO
L filósofos griegos consideraban que el vacío significaba falto de contenido y esto fue un obstáculo para el entendimiento de los principios tecnológicos básicos del mismo.
Fue hasta mediados del siglocuando el italiano Gasparo Berti realizó el primer experimento con el vacío (). Motivado por un interés en diseñar un experimento para el estudio de los sifones, Berti pretendía aclarar el fenómeno como una manifestación de diferencia de presión de aire en la atmósfera. Creó lo que constituye, primordialmente, un barómetro de agua, el cual resultó capaz de producir vacío (Figura I.1).
Figura I Equipo que utilizó Berti para producir por primera vez vacío, alrededor de
Al analizar el informe experimental de Berti, Evangelista Torricelli captó con claridad el concepto de presión de aire, por lo que diseñó, en , un dispositivo para demostrar los cambios de presión en el aire. Construyó un barómetro que en lugar de agua empleaba mercurio, y de esta manera, sin propon
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